USAID/Africa Bureau commissioned YouthPower Learning to better understand the theoretical basis and practical training application of effectuation theory for youth in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The study explored ways effectuation is being used to prepare young entrepreneurs globally and it outlines the benefits and challenges of using the theory in entrepreneurship education and training (EE&T) programs. During July-November of 2019, YouthPower Learning conducted a literature review on effectuation theory and its applications in EE&T programs and interviews and case studies with organizations implementing effectuation-based EE&T programs to address the following questions described below:

1.How is effectuation theory currently being used in preparing young entrepreneurs globally?

2.Is effectuation-based youth programming being used in Africa? If so, what are key program models?

3.What are the benefits and challenges of using effectuation theory in programming? Are there benefits to using this model versus others?

4.How is effectuation theory being used in training, and what are the results of integrating this model into youth entrepreneur training programs?

5.Does effectuation theory in entrepreneurship training help to promote access of youth to start-up resources? What are the key strategies that the theory promotes to link youth to start-up resources?